4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Super Critical Water Oxidation (community level)

-

http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/

1

1

0

1

0

16%

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Tide Fecal Sludge Processor

Pyrolysis-based fecal sludge treatment plant

Tide Technocrats

https://www.tidetechnocrats.com/key-projects

BMGF

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Prototype

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge

Hydrothermal treatment (or thermal hydrolysis) is a process in which the sludge is heated as an aqueous phase to temperatures (normally) varying between 120 and about 400°C. The hydrothermal treatment process aims to disintegrate the sludge and results in a formation and accumulation of dissolved products. This makes it possible to recover and recycle useful resources from the sludge, such as volatile fatty acids, phosphorous compounds, organic compounds for enhanced anaerobic biogas production, and coagulants. The potential of hydrothermal treatment for the recovery of energy from sewage sludge strongly depends upon the process performance. Over 150 C for the destruction of pathogens and denaturing of protein. The exact conversion of biomass to bio-oil is dependent on several variables:[1] Feedstock composition Temperature and heating rate Pressure Solvent Residence time Catalysts While water acts as a catalyst in the reaction, other catalysts can be added to the reaction vessel to optimize the conversion.[11] Previously used catalysts include water-soluble inorganic compounds and salts, including KOH and Na2CO3, as well as transition metal catalysts using Ni, Pd, Pt, and Ru supported on either carbon, silica or alumina. The addition of these catalysts can lead to an oil yield increase of 20% or greater, due to the catalysts converting the protein, cellulose, and hemicellulose into oil. This ability for catalysts to convert biomaterials other than fats and oils to bio-oil allows for a wider range of feedstock to be used. The HTL process differs from pyrolysis as it can process wet biomass and produce a bio-oil that contains approximately twice the energy density of pyrolysis oil.

Multiple

-

-

-

1

5%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Incineration - Small Scale

Burning of waste material

Evac

https://evac.com

-

1

5%

Available

4f Treatment & Conversion - Mineral Recovery

Nitrification

Nitrifying Activated Sludge helps remove micro pollutants

-

-

-

-

1

1

11%

Available

4f Treatment & Conversion - Mineral Recovery

Ostara Pearl

Ostara

https://ostara.com/nutrient-management-solutions/

1

1

11%

Available

4f Treatment & Conversion - Mineral Recovery

Ostara WASSTRIP

Ostara

https://ostara.com/nutrient-management-solutions/

1

1

11%

Available

4f Treatment & Conversion - Mineral Recovery

Phosphorus Capture

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

11%

Available

4f Treatment & Conversion - Mineral Recovery

Urine > Vuna

Urine converted to commercially available fertilizer

Vuna

http://www.vuna.ch/index_en.html

BMGF

1

1

1

1

0

21%

Available

4f Treatment & Conversion - Mineral Recovery

Urine > Fertilizer from Urine

Use of urine as fertilizer. 80% of the nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium excreted by humans is in the urine. This can be immediately used as fertilizer but benefits from stabilization and disinfection. Pharmaceuticals, which may be taken up by plants and enter the food chain, can be removed by passing the urine through a charcoal filter. Nitrification also reduces some pharmaceuticals. Despite the common refrain that urine is sterile, it can contain bacteria and parasites. Also, urine-feces cross-contamination can occur at the source. Urine does contain ammonia which is a biocide and can inactivate some of the pathogens. Nitrification also inactivates some, but not all, pathogens. Adding a pasteurization step (80C for 30 minutes) is very effective.

Multiple Rich Earth Institute Vuna

-

https://richearthinstitute.org/about-us/our-mission/

-

1

1

1

1

1

26%

Research / Prototype

4f Treatment & Conversion - Mineral Recovery

Urine > Struvite

Struvite is a form of precipitated phosphourous, MgNH4PO4•6H2O), sometimes also called Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate (M-A-P). It is produced from urine can be applied to fields just like any other fertilizer.

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4g Treatment & Conversion - Electrical Conversion

Electrical Conversion - Microbial Electrolysis Cells

A microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a technology related to Microbial fuel cells (MFC). Whilst MFCs produce an electric current from the microbial decomposition of organic compounds, MECs partially reverse the process to generate hydrogen or methane from organic material by applying an electric current.[1] The electric current would ideally be produced by a renewable source of power. The hydrogen or methane produced can be used to produce electricity by means of an additional PEM fuel cell or internal combustion engine.

-

-

-

-

1

1

11%

Research / Prototype

4g Treatment & Conversion - Electrical Conversion

Organic Rankine Cycle

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) engines operate using the same principles as a steam engine but with low boiling point, high molecular weight organic fluids instead of water, to extend operational ranges to lower temperature processes. ORC engines provide a way to harness energy from processes that cannot not generate the high temperatures needed for steam power operation. Avoiding the use of water, ORC systems can operate at lower pressures and do not suffer from corrosion due to the working fluid, leading to longer life expectancies (20+ years). The increasing development of so-called micro-ORC systems expands the reasonable application of these devices from medium to large scale thermochemical treatment options. In our search we identified eight manufacturers and eighteen products that met our inclusion criteria.

Multiple

-

https://airsquared.com/news/introducing-plug-play-micro- orc/ http://www.cogenmicro.com/index.php?select=159 https://www.rank-orc.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/02/FICHA-MICRO_EN.pdf https://www.kaymacor.com/en/products/

-

1

1

11%

Available

4g Treatment & Conversion - Electrical Conversion

Steam Engines

Steam engines can be powered with any heat source and, per kilowatt, are the cheapest electrical generation option. Eleven manufacturers and sixteen products were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Steam engines operate across a range of thermal inputs making them suitable for medium to large scale thermochemical treatment options. Viable products could generate between 1.5 and 18.6 kWe and operated at pressures from 60 to 1,000 psi.

Multiple

-

https://www.brashpower.com/reliable-power http://cyclonepower.com http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca/EProductQT75 SCPneumatic.htm

-

1

1

11%

Available

4g Treatment & Conversion - Electrical Conversion

Thermoacoustic Heat Engines

Thermoacoustic heat engines have no moving parts, no annual maintenance, high life expectancy, and are capable of generating 1–5 kWe. This could make this an ideal electrical generation technology for small-scale thermal processors. In contrast to other engines, thermoacoustic engines do not need high pressures or temperatures to be efficient, which allows them to use rubber and other engine materials that can lower production costs. Three manufacturers and three products were identified that met our inclusion criteria. As an emerging technology, however, there are currently no products that are commercially available, and therefore it is not recommended that this electrical generation technology be pursued at this time.

Not commercially available

-

https://www.etalim.com/solutions.html http://nirvana-es.com/technology.html

-

1

1

11%

Not commercially available

4g Treatment & Conversion - Electrical Conversion

Thermoelectric Generators

Thermoelectric generators have no moving parts, require no maintenance, and can generate some electricity with even a small heat differential. The larger the heat differential, the more electricity they can produce, however, most units have a maximum hot side temperature around 750–-850°F (400C–-450°C) and are destroyed when overheated. Larger units (generally those producing over 30 W) use fans or liquid coolant systems to maximize the heat differential and subsequent output power. Electrical efficiencies of the products ranged from 0.5 - 5.0%. Due to low electrical output, thermoelectric generators are only suited as an option for small scale thermochemical treatment options, like the Reinvented Toilet.

Multiple

-

https://tecteg.com/store-thermoelectric- power-module-selection-purchase/56x56/ http://www.devilwatt.com/products

-

1

1

11%

Available

4g Treatment & Conversion - Electrical Conversion

Electrical Conversion Electrically Activated Organisms Mircrobrial Fuel Cells (MFC)

Cambrian Innovation is developing and marketing a portfolio of environmental products with support from government and industry partners. These exciting new products include advanced bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment systems for industrial facilities and municipalities and a complementary bioelectrochemical sensor platform for precision agriculture applications. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) are a new technology based on the ability of certain microbes (termed exoelectrogens) to generate electricity via direct contact with electrodes. Traditional fuel cells and electrochemical systems use chemical catalysts that oxidize fuel (such as hydrogen) at anodes, and reduce oxygen at cathodes. A circuit between the anode and the cathode captures electrical energy released in the process. BES technology can be thought of as fuel cells with a regenerative, living microbial catalyst. These microbes are capable of oxidizing and reducing a broad range of organic fuels, including negative cost fuel such as wastewater. The technology works because the exoelectrogenic bacteria can respire through direct contact with the electrodes in our systems. BES have a range of advantages over current technologies depending on the exact domain of application.

Cambrian Innovations

https://cambrianinnovation.com

-

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Research / Prototype

4g Treatment & Conversion - Electrical Conversion

PEE Power

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) supplied with urine. The membrane-less MFCs were made out of ceramic material and employed plain carbon based electrodes

Bristol BioEnergy Robin (Spin-off)

BMGF

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Available

4g Treatment & Conversion - Electrical Conversion

Stirling Engines

Stirling engines have near silent operation and have some of the highest efficiencies on the market. We identified eleven manufacturers and fourteen products that met our inclusion criteria. Identified products could generate between 0.6 and 25 kWe. Many of the available Stirling engines are adapted to use one particular fuel source to generate the required thermal energy, and so may not be suitable for incorporation with Reinvented Toilets or Omni Processors.

Multiple

-

https://www.azelio.com/solutions/stirling/ http://coolenergy.com/ https://www.inresol.se/products/inresol-v2-6-cx https://www.microgen-engine.com/products/engines/

-

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Available

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Ozonation

Ozonation (also referred to as ozonisation) is a chemical water treatment technique based on the infusion of ozone into water. Ozone is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms (O3), which is one of the most powerful oxidants. Ozonation is a type of advanced oxidation process, involving the production of very reactive oxygen species able to attack a wide range of organic compounds and all microorganisms. The treatment of water with ozone has a wide range of applications, as it is efficient for disinfection as well as for the degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants. Ozone is produced with the use of energy by subjecting oxygen (O2) to high electric voltage or to UV radiation. The required amounts of ozone can be produced at the point of use but the production requires a lot of energy and is therefore costly.

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

11%

Available

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Pulsed electric field (PEF)

Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing is an efficient non-thermal food processing technique using short, high voltage pulses. These pulses induce poration of plant, animal and microbial cells, leading to cell disintegration and microbial inactivation.

-

-

-

-

1

1

11%

Research / Prototype

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Semiconductor electrochemistry

water treatment technology

Cal Tech

-

1

1

11%

Research / Prototype

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Semiconductor phototcatalysis

water treatment technology

Cal Tech

-

1

1

11%

Research / Prototype

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Ultrasonic Irradiation

water treatment technology

Cal Tech

-

1

1

11%

Research / Prototype

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Advanced Oxidation

Hazardous organic waste, widely spread in water by industrial, military and domestic sources, is an emerging issue. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are efficient methods to remove organic contamination not degradable by means of biological processes. AOPs are a set of processes involving the production of very reactive oxygen species able to destroy a wide range of organic compounds. AOPs are driven by external energy sources such as electric power, ultraviolet radiation (UV) or solar light, so these processes are often more expensive than conventional biological wastewater treatment. See: Ozone Ultraviolet Ultrasonic Ferrate Electrolysis

-

-

-

-

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Available

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

UV Lamps

The bactericidal effect of concentrated ultraviolet (UV) light is used in many areas and in many set-ups. For drinking water treatment, simple, commercially available UV tubes can be used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in the drinking water. Such UV tube water disinfection devices are an effective, low-cost and simple mean for a very rapid disinfection. They generally consist of a pipe, through which water slowly flows, and in which an UV light bulb is installed, which can be run on electric or solar power. There are many ways to design UV tubes devices and they can be used at household, community or institutional level. Even though very effective, however, chemical or physical pollution (e.g. salinity, heavy metals turbidity) cannot be treated and in opposition to chlorine, there is no residual disinfection effect.

The household design uses a UV bulb suspended inside a larger tube or covered trough. The water enters the tube at one end, flows through the tube under the UV bulb, and through the outlet at the other end of the tube. The UV bulb emits UV-C light, which kills microorganisms by damaging their genetic material (DNA). This makes the pathogens unable to reproduce.

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Available

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Chlorination

Multiple

-

-

-

1

0

1

1

1

21%

Available

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Ferrate

Ferrate is a supercharged iron molecule in which iron is in the plus 6 oxidation state; it is better known as Iron(VI). Ferrate is extremely powerful, can deliver multiple treatments from a single application, does not create disinfection by-products, is environmentally friendly, and solves difficult treatment challenges that other oxidants can’t touch. Most importantly, Ferrate is often the least expensive and most effective treatment option. Ferrate can simultaneously perform as an oxidant, coagulant, and disinfectant. Ferrate is more powerful than other oxidants such as ozone and chlorine dioxide. It can replace coagulants such as ferric chloride, alum and polymers for the removal of metals, non-metals and humic acids. It outperforms other disinfectants such as UV, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine and can kill many chlorine resistant organisms such as aerobic spore-formers and sulphite-reducing clostridia. Ferrate is a versatile, powerful, multi-use water and wastewater treatment technology. 

Recently evaluated by the U.S. E.P.A. and judged to be a very effective, sustainable, treatment chemical.

Ferrate Treatment Technologies

www.ferratetreatment.com

-

1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

UV LED

See UV Lamps

UV LED’s (as opposed to gas-discharge type lamps) promise to be more reliable and less expensive but at the moment are less powerful. 



Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

1

1

1

26%

Approaching commercialization

4h Treatment & Conversion - Advanced Oxidation

Vortex Bioreactor

The system currently uses copper powder embedded in a seaweed extract as the anti-bacterial agent.

Plymouth Marine Laboratories

Mike Allen

https://www.pml.ac.uk/News_and_media/News/Revolutionising_waste_water_treatment

BMGF

0

0

0

1

0

5%

Concept

4i Treatment & Conversion - Dewatering

Dewatering - Centrifugation

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

11%

Available

4i Treatment & Conversion - Dewatering

Dewatering - Dissolved Air Flotation

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

11%

Available

4i Treatment & Conversion - Dewatering

Dewatering - Foam Flotation

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

11%

Available

4i Treatment & Conversion - Dewatering

Electro Water Separation (EWS)

Electro Water Separation™ (EWS) is a highly scalable, continuous breakthrough water cleanup technology that uses electricity in small, programmed doses to gather up oils and suspended solids. The removal of these suspended solids allows for easy mechanical raking off the surface of the water. This ultimately results in the recovery of large qualities of water that can then be reused.

Origin Clear

-

-

1

1

11%

Available

4i Treatment & Conversion - Dewatering

Dewatering - Electro-coagulation Floculation

ECF combines the production of metal flocculant and microbubbles in-situ, using a gas-generating cathode and a metal floc-generating sacrificial anode.

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Available

4i Treatment & Conversion - Dewatering

Dewatering - Mechanical

Mechanical dewatering is normally associated with large wastewater treatment plants and is used to separate sludge (residual sludge from wastewater treatment plants or faecal sludge from on-site sanitation) into a liquid and a solid part. The principal methods are belt filter presses, centrifuges and chamber filter presses. These techniques are usually sophisticated and rarely cost-efficient for smaller systems to be implemented on community level. The process does not treat the sludge, it only separates solid from liquid parts. Both solid and liquid parts still contain pathogens and pollutants.

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

1

1

0

21%

Available

4i Treatment & Conversion - Dewatering

Dewatering - Gravity Separation

Multiple

-

-

-

1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4j Treatment & Conversion - Other

Porous Reactive Concrete

Porous concrete specifically formulated to remove target contaminants. It can be used to remove heavy metals, solvents, nitrogen, phosphates, and other chemical compounds. May be functionalized with metals, chemical compounds, graphene oxide, bacteria, etc. Use at the household level has not been researched in detail, nor have reliable models developed.

-

-

-

-

1

0

5%

Available

5 Re(Use) & Disposal

Biomass

-

5 Re(Use) & Disposal

Disinfected dried solids

-