4b Treatment & Conversion - Biolgical

Membrane Bio Reactor

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is the combination of a membrane process like microfiltration or ultrafiltration with a biological wastewater treatment process, the activated sludge process. It is now widely used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment.[1]

Multiple

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1

1

11%

Available

4b Treatment & Conversion - Biolgical

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)

It’s a combination of activated sludge process (suspended growth) and biofilter processes (attached growth). Moving Bed Biofilm Bioreactor (MBBR) process uses the whole tank volume for biomass growth. It uses simple floating media, which are carriers for attached growth of biofilms. Biofilm carrier movement is caused by the agitation of air bubbles. This compact treatment system is effective in removal of BOD as well as nitrogen and phosphorus while facilitating effective solids separation. The MBBR system consists of an aeration tank (similar to an activated sludge tank) with special plastic carriers that provide a surface where a biofilm can grow. The carriers are made of a material with a density close to the density of water (1 g/cm3). An example is high-density polyethylene (HDPE) which has a density close to 0.95 g/cm3. The carriers will be mixed in the tank by the aeration system and thus will have good contact between the substrate in the influent wastewater and the biomass on the carriers. To prevent the plastic carriers from escaping the aeration it is necessary to have a sieve on the outlet of the tank.

Multiple

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1

1

11%

Available

4b Treatment & Conversion - Biolgical

Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR)

Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) or sequential batch reactors are a type of activated sludge process for the treatment of wastewater. SBR reactors treat wastewater such as sewage or output from anaerobic digesters or mechanical biological treatment facilities in batches. Oxygen is bubbled through the mixture of wastewater and activated sludge to reduce the organic matter (measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)). The treated effluent may be suitable for discharge to surface waters or possibly for use on land.

Activated sludge reactors are aerobic suspended-growth type processes. Large amounts of injected oxygen allow maintaining aerobic conditions and optimally mixing the active biomass with the wastewater to be treated. Activated sludge systems are highly efficient for organic matter and nutrient removal, though pathogen removal is low. In the view of reuse of the effluent in agriculture, it is not beneficial to remove all nutrients while standards for pathogen removal are barely met.

Multiple

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1

1

11%

Available

4b Treatment & Conversion - Biolgical

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB)

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) is a single tank process. Wastewater enters the reactor from the bottom, and flows upward. A suspended sludge blanket filters and treats the wastewater as the wastewater flows through it.

The sludge blanket is comprised of microbial granules (1 to 3 mm in diameter), i.e., small agglomerations of microorganisms that, because of their weight, resist being washed out in the upflow. The microorganisms in the sludge layer degrade organic compounds. As a result, gases (methane and carbon dioxide) are released. The rising bubbles mix the sludge without the assistance of any mechanical parts. Sloped walls deflect material that reaches the top of the tank downwards. The clarified effluent is extracted from the top of the tank in an area above the sloped walls.

Due to the need for constant power, these systems are not recommended for decentralized WWTP except in high-resource settings.

Multiple

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-

1

1

11%

Available

4b Treatment & Conversion - Biolgical

Composting & Co-Composting (at facility)

Composting at the household level is an important method for managing organic waste, which is normally the largest portion of household waste. Composting reduces the environmental impacts of waste and the produced compost is essential for improving soil fertility and structure. Besides the organic waste, composting can also be applied as secondary treatment for feces and excreta collected in urine diversion and composting toilets. Degradation of organic material is a natural process, but composting allows us to control and accelerate this process by optimizing the environment for microbial activity in the waste. Composting involves three stages: preparation of the waste by adjusting its size, moisture content and carbon-nitrogen ratio; degradation of waste in pits, piles, vessels or vermi-composting; and finally preparing finished compost by curing and screening. Composting facilities that accept sludge from urine diversion toilets, biogas reactors, and constructed wetlands can safely convert the sludge to compost for agricultural purposes. An appropriate facility needs to be professionally designed, be located out of flood zones if possible, prevent groundwater infiltration, and prevent odors, insects, and rodents from becoming a nuisance in the community.

Multiple

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-

1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4c Treatment & Conversion - Filtration

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a partially permeable membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules and larger particles from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property, that is driven by chemical potential differences of the solvent, a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of dissolved and suspended chemical species as well as biological ones (principally bacteria) from water, and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water.

Multiple

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1

0

0

1

0

11%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Community Vermiculture

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4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Drying Beds: Planted

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4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Drying Beds: Unplanted

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4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Nature Based - Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is a cost-effective plant-based approach of remediation that takes advantage of the ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues. It refers to the natural ability of certain plants called hyperaccumulators to bioaccumulate, degrade, or render harmless contaminants in soils, water, or air.

Ayala Aqua

http://www.ayala-aqua.com

1

1

11%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Nature Based - Planted Drying Beds

-

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1

1

11%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Nature Based - Unplanted Drying Beds

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1

1

11%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Algae Farming

A 3D, modular algae farm that serves as the scaffolding for zero input aquaculture farm; provides healthy food and helps improve water quaility and reduce dissolved CO2

Algenie

https://conservationx.com/project/id/228/algenie

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1

1

1

16%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Black Soldier Fly

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are used to compost waste or convert the waste into animal feed. The harvested pupae and prepupae are eaten by poultry, fish, pigs, lizards, turtles, and even dogs.[12] The wastes include fresh manure and food wastes of both animal and vegetable origin.

Multiple

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-

-

1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Chennai Vertical Gardens

Frameworks that support vertical gardens are installed on piers underneath bridges and metro rail pillars watered with sewage. 5000 square meters of garden will use 5000 liters of sewage per day.

Greater Chennai Corporation

Chennai, India Bengaluru and Nagpur where vertical gardens have come up on  .. Read more at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/74019327.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-vertical-gardens-under-bridges-to-use-treated-sewage/articleshow/74019327.cms

1

1

1

1

1

26%

Active

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Constructed Wetland - Free-Water Surface

A free-water surface constructed wetland (also called free water surface, FWS) is a series of flooded planted channels or basins. It aims to replicate the naturally occurring processes of a natural wetland, marsh or swamp. As water slowly flows through the wetland, particles settle, pathogens are destroyed, and organisms and plants utilize the nutrients. This type of constructed wetland is commonly used as an advanced treatment after secondary or tertiary treatment processes.

-

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-

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1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Constructed Wetland - Vertical Flow

A vertical flow constructed wetland (vertical flow CW) is a planted filter bed for secondary or tertiary treatment of wastewater (e.g. greywater or blackwater) that is drained at the bottom. Pre-treated Wastewater (e.g. from a septic tank or an Imhoff tank) is poured or dosed onto the surface from above using a mechanical dosing system. The water flows vertically down through the filter matrix to the bottom of the basin where it is collected in a drainage pipe. The water is treated by a combination of biological and physical processes. The filtered water of a well functioning constructed wetland can be used for irrigation, aquaculture, groundwater recharge or is discharged in surface water A vertical flow constructed wetland (vertical flow CW) is a planted filter bed for secondary or tertiary treatment of wastewater (e.g. greywater or blackwater) that is drained at the bottom. Pre-treated Wastewater (e.g. from a septic tank or an Imhoff tank) is poured or dosed onto the surface from above using a mechanical dosing system. The water flows vertically down through the filter matrix to the bottom of the basin where it is collected in a drainage pipe. The water is treated by a combination of biological and physical processes. The filtered water of a well functioning constructed wetland can be used for irrigation, aquaculture, groundwater recharge or is discharged in surface water. To design a vertical flow constructed wetland, expert knowledge is recommended. They are relatively inexpensive to build where land is affordable and can be maintained by the local community. The important difference between a vertical and horizontal wetland is not simply the direction of the flow path, but rather the aerobic conditions.

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1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Constructed Wetland - Horizontal Subsurface Flow

A horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (horizontal subsurface flow CW) is a large gravel and sand-filled basin that is planted with wetland vegetation. It is used for secondary or tertiary treatment of wastewater (e.g. greywater or blackwater). Solids are removed in a primary treatment (e.g. in a septic tank or Imhoff tank). As wastewater flows horizontally through the basin, the filter material filters out particles and microorganisms degrade the organics. The effluent of a well-functioning constructed wetland can be used for irrigation and aquaculture or safely been discharged to receiving water bodies. HFCWs are secondary treatment facilities for household, municipal and industrial wastewater, and they can also be used as a tertiary treatment system for polishing. Pre-treated wastewater flows horizontally through a planted filter bed. Plants provide suitable environments for microbiological attachment, aerobic biofilm growth and transfer of oxygen to the root zone. Organic matter and suspended solids are mainly removed by filtration and degradation.

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1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4d Treatment & Conversion - Nature Based

Constructed Wetlands

Constructed wetlands and particularly ICW could be utilised more widely in Ireland as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment of small communities. However, ICW is a relatively new treatment system and more monitoring is needed long term to assess and understand absorption capacity of phosphorous and nitrification of ammonia. In the investigated size class, CW systems could provide effective alternatives to mechanical treatment plants or complement the latter by providing a tertiary treatment step for effluents from mechanical units. Sites in catchment areas of water bodies with sensitivity towards eutrophication could utilise the hybrid systems for zero discharge. Sites with very restricted space could employ tertiary CWs with storm management. This would increase compliance with environmental standards set by the Water Framework Directive and associated legislation, for example, the Bathing Water Directive. The poor results for underperforming CW categories such as tertiary HSSF systems could be attributed to very small specific areas, poorly operated upfront mechanical plants and issues related to storm control. ICW systems appeared to perform well at nutrient retention; this was most apparent for those sites, whose construction followed Department of Environment Housing and Local Government design guidelines. The correct sizing of CW systems together with appropriate storm management are preconditions for optimal nutrient retention A treatment technology for wastewater that aims to replicate the naturally occurring processes in wetlands. Constructed shallow ponds are lined and filled with some sort of filter material (substrate), usually sand, gravel, rock or soil, and planted with vegetation tolerant of saturated conditions (e.g. reeds). As wastewater flows through the ponds, the filter material filters out particles and microorganisms degrade the organics. Free-Water, Horizontal Flow, and Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands are just some types.

Organica Multiple

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https://www.organicawater.com

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1

1

1

1

1

26%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

LaDePa (Latrine Dehydration and Pasturization)

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Sanivation Solar Charcoal Oven

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Solar Sludge Oven

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Gasification

Gasification is a process that converts organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived from gasification and combustion of the resultant gas is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the gasified compounds were obtained from biomass. The advantage of gasification is that using the syngas (synthesis gas H2/CO) is potentially more efficient than direct combustion of the original fuel because it can be combusted at higher temperatures or even in fuel cells, so that the thermodynamic upper limit to the efficiency defined by Carnot's rule is higher or (in case of fuel cells) not applicable. Syngas may be burned directly in gas engines, used to produce methanol and hydrogen, or converted via the Fischer–Tropsch process into synthetic fuel. Gasification can also begin with material which would otherwise have been disposed of such as biodegradable waste. In addition, the high-temperature process refines out corrosive ash elements such as chloride and potassium, allowing clean gas production from otherwise problematic fuels. Gasification of fossil fuels is currently widely used on industrial scales to generate electricity

Multiple

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1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Hydrothermal Algae Liquefaction

Converts Algae to biodiesel

Plymouth Marine Laboratories

http://www.pml.ac.uk

1

1

11%

Research / Prototype

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)

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1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Hydrothermal Deconstruction

Scion Research

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jWeVcRAdkY

1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Incineration - large scale

Burning of waste material

Multiple

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1

0

0

1

0

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is a thermal treatment process in which the sludge (or biomass) is heated under pressure to a temperature of 350–500°C in the absence of oxygen. In this process, the sludge is converted into char, ash, pyrolysis oils, water vapor, and combustible gases. Part of the solid and/or gaseous products of the pyrolysis process are incinerated and used as heating energy in the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis has been used for turning wood into charcoal since ancient times. Pyrolysis is a related process to HTL, but biomass must be processed and dried in order to increase the yield.[13] The presence of water in pyrolysis drastically increases the heat of vaporization of the organic material, increasing the energy required to decompose the biomass. Typical pyrolysis processes require a water content of less than 40% to suitably convert the biomass to bio-oil. This requires considerable pretreatment of wet biomass such as tropical grasses, which contain a water content as high as 80-85%, and even further treatment for aquatic species, which can contain higher than 90% water content.

Pyrolysis is one of various types of chemical degradation processes that occur at higher temperatures (above the boiling point of water or other solvents). It differs from other processes like combustion and hydrolysis in that it usually does not involve the addition of other reagents such as oxygen (O2, in combustion) or water (in hydrolysis).[3] Pyrolysis produces solids (char), condensable liquids (tar), and noncondensing/permanent gasses.

Multiple

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1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Supercritical Water Oxidation

Supercritical water oxidation is a process that occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixture's thermodynamic critical point. Under these conditions water becomes a fluid with unique properties that can be used to advantage in the destruction of hazardous wastes such as PCBs. SCWO occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixture's thermodynamic critical point. Under these conditions water becomes a fluid with unique properties that can be used to advantage in the destruction of hazardous wastes such as PCBs.

Duke University

http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu

BMGF

1

1

11%

Research / Prototype

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Thermal - Advanced Thermal Decomposition Processes

The following thermal processes rely on varying degrees of high temperatures, pressure, specific environmental conditions, and the presence or absence of oxidizing elements. 

While some are frequently used in industrial processes, use in sanitation is not common although it is being explored and adopted in limited cases. It is applicable in high-resource settings. Due to the temperatures and pressures involved, and the strict operating conditions that must be maintained, the technology relies on high cost materials, components, and sensors. Improper design, operation, and maintenance can result in dangerous conditions.

Multiple

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1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Thermal - Biochar (Also see Pyrolisys)

Carbonizer/Catalyst: The waste is charred and sanitized when it is heated to a temperature between 300-700 degrees in the absence of oxygen.

The Climate Foundation

http://www.climatefoundation.org/our-projects.html

1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Thermal - Carbonization

Complete pyrolysis of organic matter usually leaves a solid residue that consists mostly of elemental carbon; the process is then called carbonization.

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1

1

11%

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Thermal - Co-incineration of sewage sludge in coal-fired power plants

Multiple

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1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Thermal - Coalification

Essentially a slow version of carbonization

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1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Thermal Decomposition Processes

Coalification, carbonization, and pyrolysis can be used to destroy pathogens and result in usable resources but they are generally discouraged due to inefficiency, the consumption of other resources, and the release of pollutants.

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1

1

11%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Ankur Omni-Processor

See Janicki Omni-Processor

Ankur Scientific

https://www.ankurscientific.com

BMGF

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Prototype

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Biomass Controls - Fecal Sludge Treatment Unit

The Biogenic Refinery is a thermal treatment solution using patented technology that provides treatment products such as pathogen free biochar, heat and electricity. Uses pyrolysis

Biomass Controls

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https://biomasscontrols.com

BMGF

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Prototype

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

CRRC Omni-Processor

See Janicki Omni-Processor

CRRC

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BMGF

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Prototype

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Combined Power & Heat (CPH)

Multiple

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1

1

1

16%

Available

4e Treatment & Conversion - Thermal

Janicki Omni-Processor

Waste combustion driving steam powered generator

Sedron Technologies

https://www.sedron.com/janicki-omni-processor/how-it-works/

BMGF

1

1

0

1

0

16%

Prototype